COMPONENTS
Comparators
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Overview
Comparators are closely related to op-amps. A comparator is basically an op-amp which is operated in it’s open-loop mode (no feedback except for when hystersis is added).
This is the schematic symbol for a comparator, which is the same as the op-amp.
Comparators vs. Op-Amps
So what are the differences between comparators and op-amps? * Comparators are optimised for fast slew rate and propagation time. * Op-amp’s are designed to have negative feedback to reduce the gain. Comparators can go unstable when negative feedback is added.
Op-amps can be used as low-performance comparators, but comparators cannot usually be used as low-performance op-amps (they are typically unstable under negative feedback).
Gain
Comparators have a very high open-loop gain.
Types
There are push-pull and open-drain comparators.
Voltage References
Usually you want some kind of stable voltage reference to feed into one of the compparators input pin, the other pin being fed the signal you want to compare to the refernce. Some comparators come with built-in voltage references, which can be directly hooked up to the input pin of your choosing.
Hysteresis
Hystersis is essentially caused by positive feedback. Many comparators have a small, built in hystersis (interal hystersis). External hystersis can be added if additional noise is to be expected, or to stop the output from switching so quickly (e.g. thermostat controls).
The following diagram shows how hystersis effects the outputs state changes (from low to high and back again) in regards to the input, for a non-inverting comparator configuration.
Terms
| Term | Description |
|---|---|
| \(R_{FB}\) | Feedback resistor required when adding external hystersis to both inverting and non-inverting comparator configurations. |
| \(R_{I}\) | Input resistor required when adding external hystersis to a non-inverting comparator configuration. |
| \(V_{HYST}\) | The change in voltage on the input to cause the comparator to toggle states (i.e. hystersis). |
| \(V_{OH}\) | Comparator output voltage when the comaprator is triggered high. This is usually equal to the comparators supply voltage, \(V_{CC}\). |
| \(V_{OL}\) | Comparator output voltage when the comaprator is triggered low. In single-ended comparator designs, this is usually equal to 0V (GND). |
Push-Pull Output Comparators
Non-Inverting Configuration
The following diagram shows a non-inverting comparator with hystersis resistors added.
Firstly, determine the amount of hystersis you want (\( V_{HYST} \)). Then use the following equation to work out the ratio between the feedback and input resistor.
Next, you need to determine an appropriate value for one of them, and then calculate the other resistance value. One way to determine \( R_{FB}\) is to set a quiscent current limit, say 100uA.
Inverting Configuration
Nothing here yet…
Open-Drain Output Comparators
Open-drian output comparators require an extra pull-up resistor on the output (when compared to push-pull output comparators) to enable hystersis. This resistor, along with the feedback resistor, will create a voltage divider and introduce some error when the output is high. To keep this error small, it is recommended that \( R_{FB} > 100 \times R_{pullup} \).
PCB Surface Leakage
When keeping the input bias current low is important, sometimes you have to consider the effects of PCB surface leakage. The resistance between two PCB traces in close proximity is about 1012 in low humidity conditions. If the two comparators inputs have a 5V difference, this surface leakage allows 5pA to flow, which can be much more than the input bias current of some comparators (e.g. 1pA). Guard rings can be added to prevent leakage currents.
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